Introduction
A major change in future energy systems is that, unlike before, demand will follow available capacities. In Europe, generation and demand are allocated in zonal markets, yielding one clearing price per zone. This zonal price does not reflect local grid restrictions—such as transmission limits and physical boundaries (line loading, voltage, power quality). Under the current...
In order to meet the climate goals of the Paris Climate Agreement, participating nations are committed to finding measures to reduce CO2 emissions in their country. Over the last decade, the share of renewable energy sources (RES) in the electricity generation has increased (IEA, International Energy Agency, 2021), but the amount of CO2 emitted by the road transport sector in the EU has also...