Motivation
The European hydrogen ramp‑up is progressing more slowly than anticipated, hindered by high project costs, complex regulatory requirements and uncertain industrial demand. At the same time, structural developments are opening opportunities to accelerate project viability. Targeted improvements such as simplified and more flexible electricity sourcing rules under RFNBO, and the...
To meet the climate targets outlined in the Paris Climate Agreement, the participating nations have committed to reducing their CO2 emissions. While the share of renewable energy sources in electricity generation has increased dramatically over the last decade (International Energy Agency), the CO2 emissions from the road transport sector in the European Union (EU) have risen by approximately...
Batteries play a pivotal role in complementing electricity generation from renewable energy sources, especially photovoltaics. Currently, investors applied for grid connections of more than 500 GW in Germany alone. However, batteries can change their output on short notice. While this provides needed flexibility to the system, it makes system operations, in particular congestion management and...
This study examines how the salience and structure of information shape household demand for energy-efficient durable goods in an emerging-market setting. We focus on the Indonesian air-conditioner market, where inverter technology can reduce electricity consumption by up to 40 percent yet adoption remains limited. Standard models attribute under-adoption to liquidity constraints or...
The large-scale deployment of hydrogen in industry necessitates the strategic planning of a nationwide hydrogen infrastructure. However, most existing planning tools are inadequate for this purpose, as they either lack a sufficiently detailed implementation of repurposing natural gas infrastructure – an essential measure to minimise costs – or are computationally intractable within reasonable...
INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION
The rapid expansion of offshore wind generation and the growing need for cross-border electricity exchange in Europe have intensified interest in integrated offshore grids—shared infrastructures that combine wind power collection with interconnection capacity. The Baltic Sea, with its shallow waters, favorable wind conditions, and central location, stands out as...
Motivation: Electric vehicles (EVs) are crucial for providing flexibility in future electricity systems, complementing renewable power generation. However, aggregators face economic obstacles in tapping into this flexibility potential. The lack of EV user-centered contract design hinders the widespread adoption of EV-based flexibility, leading to missed opportunities for reducing greenhouse...
The European electricity market has made significant progress in liberalization and regional integration. These efforts aim to reduce costs, improve grid efficiency, and support decarbonization. One of the key tools in achieving these goals is Flow-Based Market Coupling (FBMC). FBMC replaces the older Net Transfer Capacity (NTC) method by using real-time physical grid constraints, rather than...
Introduction
Grid expansion is one major cost item in the ongoing energy transition as the electrification of the heating and mobility sector as well as the feed-in of variable renewables into the grid leads to much higher peak loads. Grid friendly electricity exchange on the district level helps to stabilize the overall energy system and reduce this necessary grid expansion. But to stimulate...
Motivation: Renewable hydrogen is considered essential for reducing GHG emissions in the industrial sector to achieve net-zero energy systems by 2045. Previous studies on assessing prospective hydrogen demand for industrial production lack high spatial resolution and detailed differentiation of industrial processes.
Methodology: This paper addresses that gap by integrating a...
Energy poverty, defined as the inability to afford adequate energy services, poses serious health and comfort risks, particularly in regions with extreme climates. Traditional identification methods often rely on static income-based indicators, failing to capture real-time energy deprivation. This study leverages smart meter data from 5,984 households in Montreal to develop a data-driven...
Onshore wind energy is a cornerstone of the energy transition, yet its expansion has faced increasing opposition at the local level, where many projects are rejected due to social and environmental concerns. As the project's planning progresses towards site selection, municipalities often play a decisive role in the final approvals. However, municipal decision-making is often supported by...
Motivation
The war between Russia and Ukraine in early 2022 caused a severe shock to European energy markets, with gas, electricity, and fuel prices reaching historic highs. The most immediate effects were felt by households, as millions of German households faced sharp increases in energy costs that often exceeded their financial capacity. In response, the German government...
Motivation
The energy transition is being driven primarily by the electrification of mobility, heat supply and industrial processes. At the same time, the expansion of renewable energies (RE) is progressing in order to ensure a cheap and clean electricity supply. In Germany in particular, large conventional power plants will be taken off the grid or transferred to the capacity reserve by...
Motivation
Security of electricity supply has re-emerged as a key concern in energy policy and research. The transition of energy systems towards decarbonisation is accompanied by increasing dependence on variable renewable energy sources and declining shares of controllable generation. In parallel, geopolitical uncertainties have increased and refocused attention on how societies value a...
Content
According to the Renewable Energy Act (Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz, EEG) and the Offshore Wind Act (Wind auf See Gesetz), Germany's current expansion targets for renewable energies in 2030 are 215 GW of capacity for solar power, 115 GW for onshore wind power and 30 GW for offshore wind power. The targets came into force at the beginning of 2023 and were set on the assumption...
The rapid expansion of digital infrastructure has elevated data centres to a position of strategic importance within European electricity systems. Recent analyses indicate that, despite advances in facility engineering, power supply remains the leading cause of impactful outages, while rapidly increasing AI-driven computational demand further heightens exposure to reliability and geopolitical...
As part of an integrated energy transition, decarbonising heating in the German building sector is a central objective of national energy and climate policy [1]. In particular, the commercial sector plays a crucial role due to its heterogeneous building stock, diverse usage patterns, and significant demand for both space heating and cooling. Effective planning of climate-neutral heat supply...
In the past decade, a rapidly growing number of investors have divested from the oil-producing industry. The financial approach to the climate problem—e.g., the burgeoning green finance taxonomies—hopes that such divestment will contribute to aligning the industry’s incentives with climate policy targets by increasing targeted firms’ cost of financial capital. We ask how an augmented cost of...
Introduction and Motivation
With the rapid expansion of renewable energy sources, which accounted for 17% of global electricity production in 2024, accurate short-term wind power forecasting has become a prerequisite for grid stability and efficient electricity trading1. While deep learning architectures have replaced statistical methods as the state-of-the-art, current industry practices...
Motivation
In the European electricity market, which is fundamentally designed as an energy-only market (EOM) and structured into bidding zones, scarcity prices of sufficient magnitude and frequency are main drivers of investments in additional generation capacity or flexibility. Whether these price peaks and the associated revenues are sufficient to enable the (re-)financing of assets...
Introduction
Electricity price forecasting has become increasingly complex due to the growing integration of renewable energy sources, whose weather-dependent generation introduces significant volatility and non-linear dynamics into power markets. Probabilistic forecasting is essential in this domain because the uncertainty itself evolves over time, periods with high renewable generation...
Large and volatile within-day spreads in the day-ahead electricity market, defined as the daily maximum minus the minimum of hourly day-ahead prices, shape arbitrage revenues and therefore investment incentives for flexibility resources such as batteries, demand response, and vehicle-to-grid (V2G). They also provide a market-based signal of scarcity and surplus in power systems with rising...
Germany currently operates as a single Bidding Zone (BZ), maintaining a uniform market price regardless of regional disparities in production and consumption. This configuration faces increasing challenges: structural imbalances between wind generation in the North and load centers in the South lead to severe grid bottlenecks. Managing this internal congestion required redispatch (RD) measures...
In recent years, the prospects of using nuclear fusion for decarbonized energy generation have garnered increasing attention, both in academia and in media (Wimmers et al. 2025), despite the lack of actual technological developments towards functioning power plants since the beginning of fusion research more than 70 years ago (Dering et al. 2026). Regardless, fusion is being considered in an...
Becoming a nuclear operating country, defined here as connecting the first commercial power reactor to an electricity grid for electricity generation, requires the development of an extensive system of institutional as well as scientific and technological subsystems and infrastructures as well as the fulfilment of certain conditions (Wealer et al. 2026). This was historically determined...
The ongoing decarbonization of the power sector has fundamentally transformed electricity markets in many countries. In countries like Germany, renewable production accounts for a dominant share of the overall production (see Bundesnetzagentur SMARD (2025)). As a consequence, the risk profile of power producers has shifted: instead of relying primarily on controllable thermal power plants with...
Electricity price forecasting is crucial for decision-making in energy markets and the operation of energy assets. Probabilistic forecasts are increasingly adopted because they explicitly quantify uncertainty. In many applications, probabilistic forecasts are either issued as quantile predictions, which describe the marginals, or as ensembles (or scenarios) of the full predictive distribution....
Achieving the climate neutrality objective necessitates a fundamental transformation of the electricity sector. This, in turn, requires a comprehensive system value assessment of low-emission technologies, including variable renewable energy sources (VRES), nuclear power, and electricity storage. Policy and investment decisions should account not only for the deployment of new assets but also...
MOTIVATION
The International Energy Agency projects hydrogen demand reaching 530 million tonnes by 2050 under net-zero conditions. Pakistan presents a compelling case with exceptional solar resources (Global Horizontal Irradiance >2,000 kWh/m²/year), current grey hydrogen demand (600,000 tonnes/year), and renewable energy targets (60% by 2030). However, challenges include limited fiscal...
Motivation
The ongoing electrification of sector-coupling applications within distribution grids is particularly pronounced at the household level, where distributed energy resources (DERs) such as electric heat pumps, battery electric vehicles, and battery storage systems are increasingly utilized. These DERs provide operational flexibility, i.e. the ability to adjust electricity...
Abstract
Worldwide, nuclear power remains part of national energy strategies in the context of climate policy, energy security, and decarbonization debates. Expansion plans are often linked to the low-carbon nature of nuclear electricity production, and discussions focus on energy system costs and the integration of nuclear-renewable energy systems for long-term decarbonization (Göke,...
Residential photovoltaic (PV) adoption has increased substantially over the past couple of decades in many developed economies (e.g., REN21, 2024). However, not all population groups have benefited equally from this expansion. A key disparity lies in homeownership: until recently, PV adoption has been predominantly limited to homeowners. Tenants and residents of multi-unit buildings – despite...
This study conducts a comparative techno-economic analysis of two renewable energy strategies for Egypt’s energy transition: hydrogen-based electrification through the production of green hydrogen via electrolysis and direct electrification using solar photovoltaic and wind energy. The study focuses on Egypt’s Suez Canal Economic Zone, a key area for renewable energy development, and utilizes...
Overview
Integrated assessment models (IAMs) increasingly rely on large-scale carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and carbon capture, transport and storage (CCTS) to achieve net-zero and net-negative emission pathways. However, empirical evidence from operational projects reveals a persistent gap between modelled deployment assumptions and realised capacities. Despite rapidly increasing...
